University of Michigan dissertation, Rackham (J. Meluso)

\chapter{Example Appendix 01}
\label{chpt:appendix_01}

\blindtext

\section{Sample appendix section}

\blindtext

\subsection{Sample appendix subsection}

\blindtext

\section{Another sample appendix section}

\blindtext

\chapter{Example Appendix 02}
\label{chpt:appendix_02}

\blindtext[2]

\chapter{Introduction}
\label{chpt:introduction}

This is a dissertation template. Here is the introduction text. As with this chapter, add other chapters to the dissertation and cite them in the ``main.tex'' file.


\section{Example Section}
\label{sec:examplesec1}

This dissertation template combines the work of our fore-academics to build a format that works for all of those who use \LaTeX \cite{jefferson2019policing}. We sincerely hope you find it useful \cite{shannon1948mathematical}.

You can add acronyms in the text and front table! See the comments around the acronyms command for how to include them in the front table. The first time you use an acronym in the text, use the ``\textbackslash ac\{\}'' command like with this \ac{TLA} or \ac{SOA}. After you use them the first time, it'll just appear as the acronym (like this: \ac{TLA}).

\blindtext


\section{Example Tables}
\label{sec:examplesec2}

You can make a table as follows \cite{ong1997gilbert}. Use can cross-reference items by doing things like Chapter \ref{chpt:introduction}.

\blindtext

\begin{table}[ht]
    \begin{tabular}{l|l}
        \textbf{left column} & \textbf{right column} \\ \hline
        entry1 & entry2 \\
        entry3 & entry4
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{An example table with things in it. See \url{https://www.latex-tables.com/} for a relatively-easy latex table generator. Other options include \url{https://truben.no/table/old/} and \url{https://www.tablesgenerator.com/}, but you'll find others online, too! Here, we're also showing the two ways to link out to a website. Both print in blue and underlined. Use ``\textbackslash url\{\}'' to show the address itself, as above: it breaks across lines at hyphens and slashes, so even a long address stays inside the margin. Use ``\textbackslash href\{\textless url\textgreater\}\{\textless text\textgreater\}'' to put the link on words instead, like this \href{https://umich.edu}{link to U-M}; those break at spaces.}
    \label{tab:my-table}
\end{table}

\blindtext


\section{Example Figure}
\label{sec:examplesec3}

Check out Figure \ref{fig:the_big_house}. \blindtext

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{example-image}
    \caption{A placeholder figure}
    \label{fig:the_big_house}
\end{figure}

\blindtext[3]

\chapter{Conclusion}
\label{chpt:conclusion}

\blindtext

%%
%% This is the file dissertation.cls.
%% It provides a LaTeX class that is consistent with the guidelines
%% provided by the Rackham Graduate School as described at
%%   <https://rackham.umich.edu/navigating-your-degree/formatting-guidelines/>
%%
%% Based on the legacy thesis-umich.cls but simplified to focus on the 
%% current Rackham requirements with extraneous options removed.
%%
%% The correct usage of this template is to use it as a documentclass.
%% The first line of the .tex file should be
%%
%%     \documentclass{dissertation}
%%

%% ---- HEADERS --------------------------------------------------------
% This prevents the compiler from running on old versions of LaTeX.
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}

% This command gives the name of the class.
\ProvidesClass{dissertation}[2025/05/16 University of Michigan Dissertation Template]

%% ---- OPTIONS PROCESSING ---------------------------------------------
% Define switches for required features
\newif\if@umich@listoffigures
\newif\if@umich@listoftables
\newif\if@umich@listofprograms
\newif\if@umich@listofappendices
\newif\if@umich@listofacronyms
\newif\if@umich@listofsymbols
\newif\if@umich@copyright
\newif\if@umich@frontispiece
\newif\if@umich@dedication
\newif\if@umich@acknowledgments
\newif\if@umich@preface
\newif\if@umich@abstract

% Set the default value of some of the options to true.
\@umich@listoffigurestrue
\@umich@listoftablestrue
\@umich@copyrighttrue

% This declares a variable for using an index (not allowed in dissertations).
\newif\if@umich@index

% This passes any other options on to the 'report' class.
\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{report}%
 \typeout{Unknown option: passing ``\CurrentOption"
  option on to the standard LaTeX report class.}}

% This command tells LaTeX to simply process the class options.
\ProcessOptions

% Call the report class with 12pt fonts and one-sided formatting.
\LoadClass[letterpaper,12pt,oneside]{report}

% Make sure the index is off.
\@umich@indexfalse

%% ---- PACKAGE LOADING ------------------------------------------------
% Use the standard margins.
\RequirePackage[margin=1in,left=1in,headheight=0.5\baselineskip]{geometry}

% This loads the required math packages.
\RequirePackage{amsmath}
\RequirePackage{amsfonts}
\RequirePackage{amssymb}

% This loads the proper graphics package.
\RequirePackage{graphicx}

% This is useful for complex figures.
\RequirePackage{subcaption}

% Compress multiple citations. The numbers option keeps citations numeric
% ([1], [2]) with the plainnat bibliography style, which is author-year by
% default. Drop the option if you want author-year citations instead.
\RequirePackage[numbers]{natbib}

% This package allows the ability to create a 'code' environment.
\RequirePackage{verbatim}

% This hopefully tells verbatim to leave quotes alone.
\RequirePackage{upquote}

% This package enables the use of proper single quotes in text.
\RequirePackage{textcomp}

% This package is used to set line spacing.
\RequirePackage{setspace}

% This package allows conditional testing of variables.
\RequirePackage{ifthen}

% This package is used for silly letter spacing
\RequirePackage{soul}

% This package is used to generate alternate environments.
\RequirePackage{float}

% This package is used for the list of abbreviations
\RequirePackage{acronym}

% This package is used to support item list customization (for list of symbols)
\RequirePackage{enumitem}

% This is the package for special headers and footers.
\RequirePackage{fancyhdr}

% This package allows for appendices after the \appendix command
\RequirePackage[titletoc]{appendix}

% This package allows for adjusting section title formats
\RequirePackage{titlesec}

% This package allows for any font size
\RequirePackage{lmodern}

%% ---- FORMATTING -----------------------------------------------------
% Set the page style to fancy.
\pagestyle{fancy}
% This command runs at the beginning of each chapter.
% It puts the name of the chapter into the 'leftmark' parameter.
\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{\markboth{#1}{}}
% This command runs at the beginning of each section.
% It puts the number and name of the section into the 'rightmark' param.
\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markright{\thesection\ #1}}

% Clear the current header and footer.
\fancyhf{}

% Simply put the page number at the bottom center.
\fancyfoot[C]{\thepage}
% Get rid of the line at the top.
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}

% This sets the headers and footers for less-marked pages.
% Example: beginning of each chapter.
\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
% Get rid of the headers on plain pages.
 \fancyhead{} %
 % And also any line.
 \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
 \fancyfoot[C]{\thepage}
}

%% ---- PAGE STYLES ----------------------------------------------------
% This \ttlpg is the same as \titlepage in report.sty.
% It is used here to set the low-level style of front pages without page numbers.
\newcommand*{\ttlpg}{ %
 % Set one-column switch temporarily to false.
 \@restonecolfalse %
 % Check the number of columns.
 \if@twocolumn %
  \@restonecoltrue\onecolumn %
 \else %
  \newpage %
 \fi
 % No headers or footers on titlepage
 \thispagestyle{empty}
 % This sets the page counter.
 \c@page \z@ %
}

% Same idea as \ttlpg above but with page numbers
\newcommand*{\frntpg}{ %
 % Set one-column switch temporarily to false.
 \@restonecolfalse %
 % Check the number of columns.
 \if@twocolumn %
  \@restonecoltrue\onecolumn %
 \else %
  \newpage %
 \fi
 % Regular headers and footers
 \thispagestyle{plain}
}

%% ---- TITLE PAGE -----------------------------------------------------
% The fields to be used for the title page
\renewcommand{\@title}{Insert a Title!}
\renewcommand{\@author}{Insert an Author!}
\newcommand{\@legalname}{\@author}
\newcommand{\@degreetype}{Doctor of Philosophy}
\newcommand{\@department}{Insert a Department Name!}
\newcommand{\@committee}{Insert a Committee!}
\newcommand{\@chair}{Insert a Chair!}
\newcommand{\@cochair}{}

% Commands to set the titlepage fields
\renewcommand{\title}[1]{\renewcommand{\@title}{#1}}
\renewcommand{\author}[1]{\renewcommand{\@author}{#1}}
\newcommand{\legalname}[1]{\renewcommand{\@legalname}{#1}}
\newcommand{\degreetype}[1]{\renewcommand{\@degreetype}{#1}}
\newcommand{\department}[1]{\renewcommand{\@department}{#1}}
\newcommand{\committee}[1]{\renewcommand{\@committee}{#1}}
\newcommand{\chair}[1]{\renewcommand{\@chair}{#1}}
\newcommand{\cochair}[1]{\renewcommand{\@cochair}{#1}}

% Commands for the user to be able to use the defined fields.
\newcommand{\inserttitle}{\@title}
\newcommand{\insertauthor}{\@author}
\newcommand{\insertlegalname}{\@legalname}
\newcommand{\insertdegreetype}{\@degreetype}
\newcommand{\insertdepartment}{\@department}
\newcommand{\insertcommittee}{\@committee}
\newcommand{\insertchair}{\@chair}
\newcommand{\insertcochair}{\@cochair}
\newcommand{\insertyear}{\number\year}

% This redefines the title page to automatically have all of the
% features and properties that it should according to the guidelines.
\renewcommand*{\titlepage}{
 % Insert the titlepage formatting.
 \ttlpg %
 % Use single-spaced lines for the title page.
 \begin{singlespace} %
  % Move down the page slightly.
  \hbox{\vspace{1.5in}} %
  % Center the title page as well.
  \begin{center} %
   % Put the title itself in 1.5-spaced format.
   \begin{onehalfspacing}
    % Insert the title.
    {\bfseries\inserttitle} %
   \end{onehalfspacing} \\[4ex] %
   % Print the word 'by'.
   by \\[2ex] %
   % Insert the author
   \insertauthor \\ %
   % More rubber space
   \vfill %
   % Text from guidelines
   A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment \\ %
   of the requirements for the degree of \\ %
   % Name of degree
   \insertdegreetype \\ %
   % Department
   (\insertdepartment) \\ %
   in The University of Michigan \\ %
   % Year of completion
   \number\year %
  \end{center} %
  % More rubber space
  \vfill %
  % Non-justified content
  \begin{flushleft}
   % Heading for the committee
   Doctoral Committee: \\[2ex] %
   % Horizontal spacing
   \hspace{0.5in} %
   % Insert the committee (in a box).
   \parbox{4.2in}{\insertcommittee}
  \end{flushleft} %
 \end{singlespace} %
}

%% ---- FRONTISPIECE ---------------------------------------------------
% Command for the frontispiece
\newcommand{\@frontispiece}{\@empty}

% Command to set the frontispiece
\newcommand{\frontispiece}[1]{
 % Turn the frontispiece on.
 \@umich@frontispiecetrue %
 % Set the frontispiece.
 \renewcommand{\@frontispiece}{#1}}

% Command to insert the frontispiece
\newcommand{\insertfrontispiece}{\@frontispiece}

% Command for the frontispiece page
\newcommand*{\frontispiecepage}{ %
 % Insert the titlepage formatting.
 \ttlpg %
 % Center the page.
 \begin{center} %
  % Vertical rubber space
  \ \vfill %
  % Insert the frontispiece.
  \insertfrontispiece %
  % Vertical rubber space
  \vfill %
 \end{center} %
}

%% ---- COPYRIGHT PAGE -------------------------------------------------
% Commands for copyright holder's contact information
\newcommand{\@email}{Insert your email address!}
\newcommand{\@orcid}{}
\newcommand{\email}[1]{\renewcommand{\@email}{#1}}
\newcommand{\orcid}[1]{\renewcommand{\@orcid}{#1}}
\newcommand{\insertemail}{\@email}
\newcommand{\insertorcid}{\@orcid}

% Command that holds the name of the copyright holder
\newcommand{\@copyright}{\@legalname}

% Command to change it from the default
\newcommand{\copyrightholder}[1]{\renewcommand{\@copyright}{#1}}

% Command to insert it
\newcommand{\insertcopyrightholder}{\@copyright}

% Command for copyright page
\newcommand*{\copyrightpage}{ %
 % Insert the titlepage formatting.
 \ttlpg %
 % Center the page.
 \begin{center} %
  % Vertical rubber space
  \ \vfill %
  % Insert the author's name
  \@legalname \\[1ex] %
  % Insert the author's email address
  \@email \\[1ex] %
  % Insert the author's ORCID iD
  ORCID iD: \space \@orcid \\[3ex] %
  % The year of publication
  \copyright \space \insertcopyrightholder \space \number\year %
  % Vertical rubber space
  \vfill %
 \end{center} %
}

%% ---- COMMANDS TO HIDE/SHOW FRONT PAGES ------------------------------
% Commands to show front pages
\newcommand{\showcopyright}{\@umich@copyrighttrue}
\newcommand{\showdedication}{\@umich@dedicationtrue}
\newcommand{\showacknowledgments}{\@umich@acknowledgmentstrue}
\newcommand{\showpreface}{\@umich@prefacetrue}
\newcommand{\showabstract}{\@umich@abstracttrue}

% Commands to hide front pages
\newcommand{\hidecopyright}{\@umich@copyrightfalse}
\newcommand{\hidededication}{\@umich@dedicationfalse}
\newcommand{\hideacknowledgments}{\@umich@acknowledgmentsfalse}
\newcommand{\hidepreface}{\@umich@prefacefalse}
\newcommand{\hideabstract}{\@umich@abstractfalse}

%% ---- FRONT MATTER FORMATTING ----------------------------------------
% Common front matter formatting function following style 7 (hardcoded)
\newcommand{\formatfrontmatter}[2]{
  % Vertical space
  \vspace*{1in} %
  % Set paragraphs to be indented
  \setlength{\parindent}{15pt}
  % Force 1.5 spacing for front matter sections
  \onehalfspacing
  % Heading
  \centerline{\fontsize{16}{16}\bf \uppercase{#1}}
  % Add some space after the title.
  \vspace{2ex}
  % Insert the text.
  \sloppy #2 %
}

%% ---- DEDICATION PAGE ------------------------------------------------
% Command that holds the value text of the dedication
\newcommand{\@dedication}{}

% Command to change it from the default
\newcommand{\dedication}[1]{
 % Show the dedication.
 \showdedication %
 % Set the dedication text.
 \renewcommand{\@dedication}{#1}}

% Command to insert it
\newcommand{\insertdedication}{\@dedication}

% Command for page with the dedication
\newcommand*{\dedicationpage}{
 % Set the page formatting.
 \frntpg %
 % Add this page to the table of contents.
 \phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{frontchapter}{Dedication}
 % Apply formatting style 7
 \formatfrontmatter{Dedication}{\@dedication}
}

%% ---- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PAGE -------------------------------------------
% Command that holds the value text of the acknowledgments
\newcommand{\@acknowledgments}{}

% Command to change it from the default
\newcommand{\acknowledgments}[1]{
 % Show the acknowledgments page.
 \showacknowledgments %
 % Set the acknowledgments text.
 \renewcommand{\@acknowledgments}{#1}}

% Command to insert it
\newcommand{\insertacknowledgments}{\@acknowledgments}

% Command for page with the acknowledgments
\newcommand*{\acknowledgmentspage}{
 % Set the page formatting.
 \frntpg %
 % Add this page to the table of contents.
 \phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{frontchapter}{Acknowledgements}
 % Apply formatting style 7
 \formatfrontmatter{Acknowledgements}{\@acknowledgments}
}

%% ---- PREFACE PAGE ---------------------------------------------------
% Command that holds the value text of the preface
\newcommand{\@preface}{}

% Command to change it from the default
\newcommand{\preface}[1]{
 % Show the preface.
 \showpreface %
 % Set the preface text.
 \renewcommand{\@preface}{#1}}

% Command to insert it
\newcommand{\insertpreface}{\@preface}

% Command for page with the preface
\newcommand*{\prefacepage}{
 % Set the page formatting.
 \frntpg %
 % Add this page to the table of contents.
 \phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{frontchapter}{Preface}
 % Apply formatting style 7
 \formatfrontmatter{Preface}{\@preface}
}

%% ---- COMMANDS FOR LIST OF FIGURES, ETC. -----------------------------
% Commands to show each of the lists
\newcommand{\showlistoffigures}{\@umich@listoffigurestrue}
\newcommand{\showlistoftables}{\@umich@listoftablestrue}
\newcommand{\showlistofprograms}{\@umich@listofprogramstrue}
\newcommand{\showlistofappendices}{\@umich@listofappendicestrue}
\newcommand{\showlistofacronyms}{\@umich@listofacronymstrue}
\newcommand{\showlistofsymbols}{\@umich@listofsymbolstrue}

% Commands to hide each of the lists
\newcommand{\hidelistoffigures}{\@umich@listoffiguresfalse}
\newcommand{\hidelistoftables}{\@umich@listoftablesfalse}
\newcommand{\hidelistofprograms}{\@umich@listofprogramsfalse}
\newcommand{\hidelistofappendices}{\@umich@listofappendicesfalse}
\newcommand{\hidelistofacronyms}{\@umich@listofacronymsfalse}
\newcommand{\hidelistofsymbols}{\@umich@listofsymbolsfalse}

%% ---- TABLE OF CONTENTS AND LISTS ------------------------------------

% This sets the formatting for frontchapter entries in the table of contents.
\newcommand*{\l@frontchapter}[2]{
 % First add some vertical space.
 \vskip 1ex plus 1pt minus 1pt
 % Format the spacing and use dots between title and number.
 \@dottedtocline{1}{0em}{1.0em} %
 % This sets the formatting for the chapter name and page number.
 {\uppercase{#1}}{#2} %
 % Add some space below, too.
 \vskip 1ex}

% This sets the formatting for chapter entries in the table of contents.
\renewcommand*\l@chapter[2]{
 % First add some vertical space.
 \vskip 1ex plus 1pt minus 1pt
 % Format the spacing and use dots between title and number.
 \@dottedtocline{1}{0em}{1.0em} %
 % This sets the formatting for the chapter name and page number.
 {\textbf{#1}}{\textbf{#2}} %
 % Add some space below, too.
 \vskip 1ex}
 
% Set level of frontchapter
\providecommand*{\toclevel@frontchapter}{0}%
 
% This sets the formatting for backchapter entries in the table of contents.
\newcommand*{\l@backchapter}[2]{
 % First add some vertical space.
 \vskip 1ex plus 1pt minus 1pt
 % Format the spacing and use dots between title and number.
 \@dottedtocline{1}{0em}{1.0em} %
 % This sets the formatting for the chapter name and page number.
 {\uppercase{#1}}{#2} %
 % Add some space below, too.
 \vskip 1ex}

% Set level of backchapter
\providecommand*{\toclevel@backchapter}{0}%

% These lines set the spacing for other table of contents entries.
\renewcommand*{\l@section}{\@dottedtocline{2}{2.5em}{2em}}
\renewcommand*{\l@subsection}{\@dottedtocline{3}{5.0em}{2.8em}}
\renewcommand*{\l@subsubsection}{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.5em}{3.5em}}

% Number of section layers to show in table of contents
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
% Number of subsection layers to allow in document
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}

% This sets the formatting of the table of contents.
\renewcommand*{\tableofcontents}{%
 % Move to new page.
 \newpage %
 % Add a pdf anchor.
 \phantomsection %
 % Add a bookmark manually for the table of contents.
 \pdfbookmark[0]{Table of Contents}{\thepage} %
 % Use front page styling.
 \frntpg %
 % Larger upper margin for first page of table
 \vspace*{1in}
 % Add the title
 \centerline{\fontsize{16}{16}\bf TABLE OF CONTENTS} %
 % Add some space after the title.
 \vspace{2ex} %
 % Start the automatic table of contents features.
 \begin{singlespace} %
  \@starttoc{toc}\if@restonecol\twocolumn\fi %
 \end{singlespace} %
}

%% ---- LIST OF FIGURES ------------------------------------------------
% This sets the formatting for the various entry types.
\renewcommand*{\l@figure}{\@dottedtocline{1}{0em}{2.5em}}

% This sets the formatting of the list of figures page.
\renewcommand*{\listoffigures}{%
 % Move to new page.
 \newpage %
 % Add this page to the table of contents.
 \phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{frontchapter}{List of Figures} %
 % Use front page styling.
 \frntpg %
 % Larger upper margin for first page of table
 \vspace*{1in}
 % Add the title
 \centerline{\fontsize{16}{16}\bf LIST OF FIGURES} %
 % Add some space after the title.
 \vspace{1ex} %
 % Start the automatic table of contents features.
 \begin{singlespace} %
  \@starttoc{lof}\if@restonecol\twocolumn\fi %
 \end{singlespace} %
 \addtocontents{lof}{\hbox{FIGURE}}
}

%% ---- LIST OF TABLES -------------------------------------------------
% This sets the format for the table entries.
\renewcommand*{\l@table}{\@dottedtocline{1}{0em}{2.5em}}

% This sets the formatting of the list of tables page.
\renewcommand*{\listoftables}{%
 % Move to new page.
 \newpage %
 % Add this page to the table of contents.
 \phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{frontchapter}{List of Tables} %
 % Use front page styling.
 \frntpg %
 % Larger upper margin for first page of table
 \vspace*{1in}
 % Add the title
 \centerline{\fontsize{16}{16}\bf LIST OF TABLES} %
 % Add some space after the title.
 \vspace{1ex} %
 % Start the automatic table of contents features.
 \begin{singlespace} %
  \@starttoc{lot}\if@restonecol\twocolumn\fi %
 \end{singlespace} %
 \addtocontents{lot}{\hbox{TABLE}}
}

%% ---- LIST OF PROGRAMS -----------------------------------------------
% Command to generate the 'program' environment.
\newfloat{program}{tbp}{lop}[chapter]
% Use a capitalized version for the captions.
\floatname{program}{Program}

% This sets the formatting for entries in the list of programs
\newcommand*{\l@program}{\@dottedtocline{1}{0em}{2.5em}}

% This sets the formatting of the list of programs page.
\newcommand*{\listofprograms}{%
 % Move to new page.
 \newpage %
 % Add this page to the table of contents.
 \phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{frontchapter}{List of Programs} %
 % Anchor for pdf
 \phantomsection %
 % Use front page styling.
 \frntpg %
 % Larger upper margin for first page of table
 \vspace*{1in}
 % Add the title
 \centerline{\fontsize{16}{16}\bf LIST OF PROGRAMS} %
 % Add some space after the title.
 \vspace{1ex} %
 % Start the automatic table of contents features.
 \begin{singlespace} %
  \@starttoc{lop}\if@restonecol\twocolumn\fi %
 \end{singlespace} %
 \addtocontents{lop}{\hbox{PROGRAM}}
}

%% ---- LIST OF APPENDICES ---------------------------------------------
% This sets the formatting for appendices in the list.
\newcommand*{\l@appendix}{\@dottedtocline{1}{0em}{2.5em}}
\renewcommand*{\l@section}{\@dottedtocline{1}{\@pnumwidth}{2.5em}}

% This sets the formatting of the list of appendices page.
\newcommand*{\listofappendices}{%
 % Move to new page.
 \newpage %
 % Add this page to the table of contents.
 \phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{frontchapter}{List of Appendices} %
 % Anchor for pdf
 \phantomsection %
 % Use front page styling.
 \frntpg %
 % Larger upper margin for first page of table
 \vspace*{1in}
 % Add the title
 \centerline{\fontsize{16}{16}\bf LIST OF APPENDICES} %
 % Add some space after the title.
 \vspace{1ex} %
 % Start the automatic table of contents features.
 \begin{singlespace} %
  \@starttoc{loapp}\if@restonecol\twocolumn\fi %
 \end{singlespace} %
 \addtocontents{loapp}{\hbox{APPENDIX}}
}

%% ---- LIST OF ACRONYMS -----------------------------------------------
% Variable holding the contents of the abbreviations.
\newcommand{\@acronyms}{}

% Command to set the abbreviations.
\newcommand{\acronyms}[1]{
 % Show the list of acronyms.
 \@umich@listofacronymstrue %
 % Redefine the list.
 \renewcommand{\@acronyms}{#1}}

% This sets the formatting for the abbreviations.
\newcommand*{\l@acronym}{\@dottedtocline{1}{0em}{2.5em}}

% This sets the formatting of the list of acronyms page.
\newcommand*{\listofacronyms}{%
 % Move to new page.
 \newpage %
 % Add this page to the table of contents.
 \phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{frontchapter}{List of Acronyms} %
 % Use front page styling.
 \frntpg %
 % Larger upper margin for first page of table
 \vspace*{1in}
 % Add the title
 \centerline{\fontsize{16}{16}\bf LIST OF ACRONYMS} %
 % Start the automatic abbreviations feature.
 \begin{singlespace} %
  \begin{acronym} %
   \@acronyms %
  \end{acronym} %
 \end{singlespace} %
}

%% ---- LIST OF SYMBOLS ------------------------------------------------
% Variable holding the contents of the symbols.
\newcommand{\@symbols}{}

% Command to set the symbols.
\newcommand{\symbols}[1]{
 % Show the list of symbols.
 \@umich@listofsymbolstrue %
 % Redefine the list.
 \renewcommand{\@symbols}{#1}}

% This sets the formatting for the abbreviations.
\newcommand*{\l@symbol}{\@dottedtocline{1}{0em}{2.5em}}

% This sets the formatting of the list of tables page.
\newcommand*{\listofsymbols}{%
 % Move to new page.
 \newpage %
 % Add this page to the table of contents.
 \phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{frontchapter}{List of Symbols} %
 % Use front page styling.
 \frntpg %
 % Larger upper margin for first page of table
 \vspace*{1in}
 % Add the title
 \centerline{\fontsize{16}{16}\bf LIST OF SYMBOLS} %
 % Add some space after the title.
 \vspace{1ex} %
 % Start the automatic symbols feature.
 \begin{singlespace} %
  \begin{itemize}[labelwidth={3em}, align=left, leftmargin=3.5em] %
   \@symbols %
  \end{itemize} %
 \end{singlespace} %
}

%% ---- ABSTRACT -------------------------------------------------------
% Command to hold the text of the abstract.
\newcommand{\@abstract}{}

% Command to set it.
\renewcommand{\abstract}[1]{
 % Show the abstract page.
 \showabstract %
 % Set the abstract text.
 \renewcommand{\@abstract}{#1}}

% Command to insert it.
\newcommand{\insertabstract}{\@abstract}

% Whether or not abstract page has a page number
\newif\if@abstract@pageno
% Default value
\@abstract@pagenotrue

% Command to hide abstract page number
\newcommand{\hideabstractpagenumber}{
 \@abstract@pagenofalse}
% Command to show abstract page number
\newcommand{\showabstractpagenumber}{
 \@abstract@pagenotrue}

% Format the abstract page.
\newcommand{\abstractpage}{
 % Set the page formatting.
 \frntpg %
 % Whether or not to hide the page number
 \if@abstract@pageno %
 \else %
  \thispagestyle{empty} %
 \fi %
 % Add this page to the table of contents.
 \phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{frontchapter}{Abstract} %
 % Extra vertical space
 \vspace*{1in}
 % Center the title area.
 \centerline{\fontsize{16}{16}\bf ABSTRACT} %
 % Add some space after the title.
 \vspace{2ex} %
 % Insert the abstract text.
 \onehalfspacing %
 % Insert the text.
 \insertabstract %
 % Vertical rubber space
 \vspace*{\stretch{1}} %
}

%% ---- APPENDICES -----------------------------------------------------
% Renew the command that starts the appendices.
\renewcommand{\appendix}{
 % Move to new page.
 \clearpage %
 % Renew the counters.
 \renewcommand*{\thechapter}{\Alph{chapter}} %
 % Start over the chapter counter.
 \setcounter{chapter}{0} %
 % Add a pdf anchor.
 \phantomsection %
 % Add blank space to table of contents
 \addtocontents{toc}{\vspace{3.9ex}}
 % Add the page to the table of contents.
 \addcontentsline{toc}{backchapter}{Appendices}
 % Stop adding sections to the table of contents.
 \addtocontents{toc}{\setcounter{tocdepth}{0}} %
 % Header for appendices.
 \renewcommand{\@chapapp}{APPENDIX} %
 % Renew the chapter and section labels.
 \let\@chapter\@chapter@appendix %
 % Renew the command for sections in the appendices.
 \renewcommand{\section}{\@section@appendix}
}

% Make a special chapter command for appendices.
\def\@chapter@appendix[#1]#2{
 % Increase the chapter letter.
 \refstepcounter{chapter} %
 % Print a line to the .log file.
 \typeout{\@chapapp\space\thechapter.} %
 % Hopefully this works.
 \phantomsection %
 % Add a bookmark manually.
 \pdfbookmark[0]{#1}{#2} %
 % Add sections to the table of contents.
 \addtocontents{loapp}{\setcounter{tocdepth}{1}} %
 % Add to the list of appendices rather than toc.
 \addcontentsline{loapp}{chapter}{\protect\numberline{\thechapter}\space#1} %
 % Save the chapter number.
 \chaptermark{#1} %
 % Add extra space to the lists of figures and tables and programs.
 \addtocontents{lof}{\protect\addvspace{8pt}} %
 \addtocontents{lot}{\protect\addvspace{8pt}} %
 \addtocontents{lop}{\protect\addvspace{8pt}} %
 % Produce the appropriate headings for the first page.
 \if@twocolumn %
  \@topnewpage[\@makechapterhead{#2}] %
 \else %
  \@makechapterhead{#2} %
  \@afterheading %
 \fi }

% Make a special section command for the appendices.
\def\@section@appendix#1{
  % Begin the phantom section to accommodate hyperref package
  \phantomsection
  % Save the section number
  \sectionmark{#1}
  % Issue the start section command
  \@startsection{section} % Use the default formatting settings
    {1} %
    {0pt} %
    {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex} %
    {2.3ex plus 0.2ex} %
    {\normalfont\fontsize{16}{16}\bfseries}
    {#1} % Add the section title text
  }

%% ---- BIBLIOGRAPHY ---------------------------------------------------
% Save the original bibliography command.
\let\@tex@bibliography\bibliography

% Change the bibliography header.
\renewcommand*{\bibname}{\vspace{0.35em}\centerline{\normalfont\fontsize{16}{16}\bfseries BIBLIOGRAPHY}\vspace{-0.35em}}

% Create a new command for the bibliography.
\renewcommand*{\bibliography}[1]{
 % Update the page format.
 % Switch to single spacing
 \singlespacing %
 % Move to new page.
 \clearpage %
 % Create a pdf anchor.
 \phantomsection %
 % Make sure to counter depth is correct so bibliography gets added to the table of contents.
 \addtocontents{toc}{\setcounter{tocdepth}{1}} %
 % Add blank space to table of contents
 \addtocontents{toc}{\vspace{1.3ex}}
 % Add to table of contents.
 \addcontentsline{toc}{backchapter}{Bibliography} %
 % Load the bibliography.
 \@tex@bibliography{#1} %
}

%% ---- CODE ENVIRONMENT -----------------------------------------------
% This generates a 'code' environment that allows inline citations
% of small snippets of code.
\newenvironment{code} %
 {\quote\small\verbatim} %
 {\endverbatim\endquote}

%% ---- CHAPTER HEADINGS -----------------------------------------------
% Change the chapter headings to uppercase.
\renewcommand{\@chapapp}{CHAPTER}

% Change the formatting of the first page of each chapter.
\renewcommand{\@makechapterhead}[1]{%
 % Insert an extra top margin.
 \vspace*{1in}
 % Insert the text
 { %
  % Ensure proper alignment.
  \parindent 0pt \raggedright %
  % Check for chapter overflow.
  \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne %
   % CHAPTER and number
   \centerline{\fontsize{16}{16}\bf \@chapapp{} \thechapter} \par %
   % Vertical space
   \vskip 0.3in \fi %
   % Insert the title of the chapter.
   \begin{center} \fontsize{16}{16}\bf #1 \end{center} %
   % Vertical space after the title
   \nobreak \vskip 0.3in %
 } %
}

%% ---- SECTION HEADINGS -----------------------------------------------
\titleformat{\section}{\vskip 0.5em\fontsize{16}{16}\bfseries}{\thesection}{1em}{}

%% ---- SPACING --------------------------------------------------------
% This fixes the spacing below captions, which by default can be small.
\setlength\belowcaptionskip{7pt plus 4pt minus 1pt}

%% ---- LINKS ----------------------------------------------------------
% This loads a package that allows extra colors for links.
\RequirePackage[dvipsnames]{xcolor}

% This lets long URLs in the bibliography break after hyphens, which the
% url package disallows by default. It must come before hyperref loads url.
\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}

% Keep \emph italic. href-ul underlines links using ulem, and ulem's default
% behaviour is to redefine \emph so that emphasised text is underlined
% rather than italicised. href-ul is meant to suppress that by passing
% ulem the normalem option, but the releases in between 0.4.0 and 0.5.3
% dropped it, so whether \emph comes out italic depends on which href-ul
% your TeX distribution happens to ship. Passing the option here settles
% it for every version. It does not affect \uline, so underlined links are
% unchanged.
\PassOptionsToPackage{normalem}{ulem}

% This will make labels and references hyperlinks.
\RequirePackage{hyperref, href-ul}

% This controls some settings that affect the appearance of links.
\hypersetup{
  colorlinks=true,
  pdfstartview={FitH},
  citecolor=Black,
  linkcolor=Black,
  urlcolor=Blue
}

% Underlined URLs that can still break across lines.
%
% href-ul draws its underline with ulem, and ulem can only break an
% underline at a space. A long URL has none, so it would run past the right
% margin. url's own break points do not help either: it typesets in math
% mode, and ulem deliberately ignores breaks there.
%
% So typeset URLs in horizontal mode instead. Walk the string, underline
% each run of characters between separators, and leave the break
% opportunity between those runs, outside the underline, where TeX can
% actually take it. The rules abut, so the underline still reads as
% continuous. \Url@FormatString is url's own formatting hook, unchanged
% since url v3.4 (2013) and identical in the TeX Live releases that
% Overleaf and a current local install use.
%
% \url itself is left alone, so it keeps hyperref's verbatim argument
% scanning and still handles URLs containing % or #.
\providecommand{\uline}[1]{#1}% in case href-ul was loaded with [plain]
\let\@realuline\uline
\newtoks\@urlchunk
\def\@urlflush{%
  \edef\@tempa{\the\@urlchunk}%
  \ifx\@tempa\@empty\else\@realuline{\the\@urlchunk}\fi
  \@urlchunk{}%
}
% The \kern stops neighbouring characters forming ligatures, so a URL
% containing "fill" does not come out with an fi ligature. Math mode used
% to prevent that for us.
\def\@urladd#1{\@urlchunk\expandafter{\the\@urlchunk#1\kern\z@}}
\def\Url@FormatString{%
  \UrlFont\@urlchunk{}\expandafter\@urlwalk\Url@String\@nil
}
\def\@urlwalk#1{%
  \ifx#1\@nil
    \@urlflush \let\@urlnext\relax
  \else
    \@urlappend{#1}\@urlbreak{#1}\let\@urlnext\@urlwalk
  \fi
  \@urlnext
}
% Characters that OT1 would otherwise set as accents rather than as
% themselves. Math mode used to remap these; horizontal mode must.
\def\@urlappend#1{%
  \ifnum`#1=95 \@urladd\textunderscore \else
  \ifnum`#1=126 \@urladd\textasciitilde \else
  \ifnum`#1=60 \@urladd\textless \else
  \ifnum`#1=62 \@urladd\textgreater \else
  \ifnum`#1=124 \@urladd\textbar \else
  \ifnum`#1=94 \@urladd\textasciicircum \else
  \ifnum`#1=92 \@urladd\textbackslash \else
  \@urladd{#1}\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
}
% End the underlined run after a separator, and allow a line break there.
% The codes are / - . ? & = and _ .
\def\@urlbreak#1{%
  \ifnum`#1=47 \@urlflush\penalty\z@\else
  \ifnum`#1=45 \@urlflush\penalty\z@\else
  \ifnum`#1=46 \@urlflush\penalty\z@\else
  \ifnum`#1=63 \@urlflush\penalty\z@\else
  \ifnum`#1=38 \@urlflush\penalty\z@\else
  \ifnum`#1=61 \@urlflush\penalty\z@\else
  \ifnum`#1=95 \@urlflush\penalty\z@\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
}
% \@plainlink is \href with href-ul's own underline switched off, for link
% text that the walk above has already underlined piece by piece. Ordinary
% prose links still use \href and are underlined as a whole.
\DeclareRobustCommand{\@plainlink}[2]{%
  {\let\uline\@firstofone\href{#1}{#2}}%
}
% plainnat emits \doi{...} for entries with a doi field, but neither natbib
% nor hyperref defines that command, so define it here, styled like \url.
\providecommand{\doi}[1]{doi: \@plainlink{https://doi.org/#1}{\nolinkurl{#1}}}
\urlstyle{same}

%% ---- INITIALIZATION -------------------------------------------------
% Commands to be placed after \begin{document}
\AtBeginDocument{
 % Insert a title page.
 \titlepage %
 % Change the PDF title.
 \hypersetup{pdftitle=\inserttitle,pdfauthor=\insertauthor} %
 % Insert the frontispiece if there is one.
 \if@umich@frontispiece\frontispiecepage\fi %
 % Insert the copyright page if there is one.
 \if@umich@copyright\copyrightpage\fi
 % Initialize page numbers.
 \setcounter{page}{1} %
 % Page numbers at the bottom
 \pagestyle{plain} %
 % Use lower-case roman numerals.
 \renewcommand{\thepage}{\roman{page}} %
 % Insert a dedication if there is one.
 \if@umich@dedication\dedicationpage\fi %
 % Insert the acknowledgments if there are any.
 \if@umich@acknowledgments\acknowledgmentspage\fi %
 % Insert the preface if there is one.
 \if@umich@preface\prefacepage\fi %
 % Insert the table of contents.
 \tableofcontents %
 % Insert the list of figures.
 \if@umich@listoffigures\listoffigures\fi %
 % Insert the list of tables.
 \if@umich@listoftables\listoftables\fi %
 % Insert the list of programs.
 \if@umich@listofprograms\listofprograms\fi %
 % Insert the list of appendices.
 \if@umich@listofappendices\listofappendices\fi %
 % Insert the list of acronyms.
 \if@umich@listofacronyms\listofacronyms\fi %
 % Insert the list of symbols.
 \if@umich@listofsymbols\listofsymbols\fi %
 % Insert the abstract.
 \if@umich@abstract\abstractpage\fi %
 % Move to next page.
 \newpage %
 % Restart page numbers for the chapters.
 \setcounter{page}{1} %
 % Page numbers at the bottom
 \pagestyle{plain} %
 % Use Arabic numerals.
 \renewcommand{\thepage}{\arabic{page}} %
 % Add the word 'Chapter' to the table of contents.
 \addtocontents{toc}{\vspace{3.9ex}\noindent %
 {\uppercase{Chapter}}\vspace{1.3ex}} %
 % Use 1.5 spacing (default, but can be overridden by the user)
 \onehalfspacing %
}

Put your abstract text here. \blindtext

\blindtext

Put your acknowledgements text here. \blindtext

\blindtext

\blindtext

\blindtext

\blindtext

Put your dedication text here. \blindtext

\blindtext

\blindtext

\blindtext

\blindtext

Put your preface text here. \blindtext

\blindtext

\blindtext

\blindtext

\blindtext

% University of Michigan Dissertation LaTeX Template for 2025
% Updated by John Meluso with Claude 3.7 Sonnet, based on work by John Meluso and Shreyas Kousik
% May 16, 2025

% Use the University of Michigan dissertation class.
\documentclass{dissertation}
\input{packages}

%--- Set the font styles -----
% As of this writing, Rackham does not have strict font requirements, but they
% suggest "standard fonts" such as Times, Arial, or Times New Roman.
% In practice, they allow the default LaTeX font (Computer Modern).
% The fonts available to you depend on the typesetting engine you use, e.g.
% pdflatex, xelatex, or lualatex.
% Set the font to whatever you like, as long as it's compatible with the tex
% engine you're using.
% See examples below depending on your engine and uncomment the usepackage
% commands and any subsequent commands as needed.
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%--- pdflatex -----
%\usepackage{times}
%\usepackage{newtxtext}
%\usepackage{newtxmath}
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%--- xelatex / lualatex -----
%\usepackage{fontspec}
%\setromanfont{Times New Roman}
%\setsansfont{Arial}
%\setmonofont{Courier New}
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% If you are using the alpha bibliography style, keep these next three lines in your preamble, so that the references are left-aligned; or, you can comment it out and see what happens
\makeatletter
\renewcommand{\@biblabel}[1]{[#1]\hfill}
\makeatother

% Title of the thesis
\title{Your paper}

% Author name
\author{Your M. Name}

% Specify the author's legal name, if different from the preferred name.
%\legalname{Your Legal Name}

% Department
\department{Field of Degree (e.g. ``Psychology'')}

% Year of completion
\year=2020

% Author email
\email{[email protected]}

% Author ORCID iD
\orcid{0000-0000-0000-0000}

% Frontispiece
% \frontispiece{\includegraphics[width=4in]{your-frontispiece-image}}

% Dedication
\dedication{\input{front_materials/dedication}}

% Acknowledgments
\acknowledgments{\input{front_materials/acknowledgments}}

% Preface
\preface{\input{front_materials/preface}}

% Committee
\committee{ %
Professor First Name, Chair \\
Professor Second Name in Alphabetical Order \\
Professor Third Name in Alphabetical Order \\
Professor Fourth Name in Alphabetical Order
}

% Chair must be entered separately for formatting reasons.
\chair{Professor First Name}
%\cochair{Co-chair One \& Co-chair Two}


% Definition of any acronyms used.
% To add an acronym, add an \acro{}{} command on a new line within the \acronyms{} command. For \acro, field 1 is the acronym and field 2 is the corresponding expression. For example: \acro{TLA}{Three Letter Acronym}.
\acronyms{
    \acro{TLA}{Three Letter Acronym}
    \acro{SOA}{Some Other Acronym}
}

% Definition of any symbols used.
% To add an symbol, add an \item command with the symbol inside a [] bracket followed by explanations
\symbols{
    \item [$\alpha$] The greek letter alpha.
    \item [$\Gamma$] \blindtext
}

% Commands to hide or show lists of figures, tables, etc.
% To hide a list, change the word "show" in the command to "hide".
\showlistoftables
\showlistofprograms
\showlistofappendices
\showlistofacronyms
\hidelistofsymbols


% Some abstract text
\abstract{
\input{front_materials/abstract}
}
%\hideabstractpagenumber

% SPACING CONFIGURATION
% Uncomment one of these lines to change the document spacing:
%\singlespacing    % For single spacing
%\onehalfspacing   % For 1.5 spacing (class default)
%\doublespacing    % For double spacing 
%\setstretch{1.8}  % For custom spacing (1.8 times normal in this example)
% Note: Rackham requires at least 1.5 spacing for the main text.

%% DOCUMENT AREA
\begin{document}

\input{chapters/example_chapter_01}
% Place your additional chapters here using the \input{} command
\input{chapters/example_chapter_99}

% Appendices
\appendix
\input{appendices/example_appendix_01}
\input{appendices/example_appendix_02}

% plainnat is the same alphabetical style as plain, but it also prints the
% doi, url, and note fields of each entry. Give published work a doi, give
% web-only sources a url plus note={Accessed YYYY-MM-DD}, and see
% references.bib for an example of each. Use unsrtnat instead to order
% references by first citation rather than alphabetically.
\bibliographystyle{plainnat}

% Give this command the relative path to the .bib file.
\bibliography{references.bib}

\end{document}

%%% Packages included in thesis-umich class
%\RequirePackage[margin=1in,footskip=8pt,headsep=0.4cm,headheight=\baselineskip]{geometry}
%\RequirePackage{amsmath}
%\RequirePackage{amsfonts}
%\RequirePackage{amssymb}
%\RequirePackage{graphicx}
%\RequirePackage{subcaption}
%\RequirePackage{times}
%\RequirePackage{natbib}
%\RequirePackage{verbatim}
%\RequirePackage{upquote}
%\RequirePackage{textcomp}
%\RequirePackage{setspace}
%\RequirePackage{ifthen}
%\RequirePackage{soul}
%\RequirePackage{float}
%\RequirePackage{acronym}
%\RequirePackage{makeidx}
%\RequirePackage{fancyhdr}
%\RequirePackage{multicol}

% Include your packages here by including a \usepackage{<package_name>} command.
\usepackage{blindtext} % Example package which populates the ever-popular lorem ipsum text.

% Note on capitalization: BibTeX lowercases article, inproceedings, and misc
% titles unless words are wrapped in braces, so proper nouns are braced below.

% A thesis that lives in an online repository: give the handle as a url.
@phdthesis{jefferson2019policing,
  title={Policing Norms: Punishment and the Politics of Respectability among {B}lack {A}mericans},
  url={https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/149919},
  author={Jefferson, Hakeem},
  school={University of Michigan},
  year={2019}
}

% A published article: give the doi rather than a publisher url.
@article{shannon1948mathematical,
  title={A mathematical theory of communication},
  doi={10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x},
  author={Shannon, Claude E},
  journal={The Bell system technical journal},
  volume={27},
  number={3},
  pages={379--423},
  year={1948},
  publisher={Nokia Bell Labs}
}

% A published conference paper: also cited by doi.
@inproceedings{ong1997gilbert,
  title={The {G}ilbert-{J}ohnson-{K}eerthi distance algorithm: A fast version for incremental motions},
  doi={10.1109/ROBOT.1997.614298},
  author={Ong, Chong Jin and Gilbert, Elmer G},
  booktitle={Proceedings of International Conference on Robotics and Automation},
  volume={2},
  pages={1183--1189},
  year={1997},
  organization={IEEE}
}

% A web-only source: give the url and an access date in the note field.
@misc{the_big_house,
  title={{M}ichigan {A}thletic {D}epartment embarrasses while trying to fill seats},
  url={https://www.michiganradio.org/post/michigan-athletic-department-embarrasses-while-trying-fill-seats},
  author={Bacon, John U},
  year={2014},
  journal={Michigan Radio},
  note={Accessed 2026-10-28}
}